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In the history of artificial intelligence, an AI winter is a period of reduced funding and interest in artificial intelligence research.〔(AI Expert Newsletter: W is for Winter ) 〕 The term was coined by analogy to the idea of a nuclear winter. The field has experienced several hype cycles, followed by disappointment and criticism, followed by funding cuts, followed by renewed interest years or decades later. There were two major winters in 1974–80 and 1987–93〔Different sources use different dates for the AI winter. Consider: (1) : "Lighthill's () report provoked a massive loss of confidence in AI by the academic establishment in the UK (and to a lesser extent in the US). It persisted for a decade ― the so-called '"AI Winter'", (2) : "Overall, the AI industry boomed from a few million dollars in 1980 to billions of dollars in 1988. Soon after that came a period called the 'AI Winter'".〕 and several smaller episodes, including: * 1966: the failure of machine translation, * 1970: the abandonment of connectionism, * 1971–75: DARPA's frustration with the Speech Understanding Research program at Carnegie Mellon University, * 1973: the large decrease in AI research in the United Kingdom in response to the Lighthill report, * 1973–74: DARPA's cutbacks to academic AI research in general, * 1987: the collapse of the Lisp machine market, * 1988: the cancellation of new spending on AI by the Strategic Computing Initiative, * 1993: expert systems slowly reaching the bottom, and * 1990s: the quiet disappearance of the fifth-generation computer project's original goals. The term first appeared in 1984 as the topic of a public debate at the annual meeting of AAAI (then called the "American Association of Artificial Intelligence"). It is a chain reaction that begins with pessimism in the AI community, followed by pessimism in the press, followed by a severe cutback in funding, followed by the end of serious research. At the meeting, Roger Schank and Marvin Minsky—two leading AI researchers who had survived the "winter" of the 1970s—warned the business community that enthusiasm for AI had spiraled out of control in the '80s and that disappointment would certainly follow. Three years later, the billion-dollar AI industry began to collapse. Hypes are common in many emerging technologies, such as the railway mania or the dot-com bubble. An AI winter is primarily a collapse in the ''perception'' of AI by government bureaucrats and venture capitalists. Despite the rise and fall of AI's reputation, it has continued to develop new and successful technologies. AI researcher Rodney Brooks would complain in 2002 that "there's this stupid myth out there that AI has failed, but AI is around you every second of the day." In 2005, Ray Kurzweil agreed: "Many observers still think that the AI winter was the end of the story and that nothing since has come of the AI field. Yet today many thousands of AI applications are deeply embedded in the infrastructure of every industry." He added: "the AI winter is long since over." == Early episodes == 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「AI winter」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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